Civil War One Of The Most Deadly Wars - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1986 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Civil War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? The American Civil War, fought between the Union and Confederate forces, took place from 1861 to 1865. During the war, a variety of weapons were used on both sides. These weapons include edged weapons such as knives and swords, firearms such as, rifled-muskets, breech loaders and repeating weapons, various field guns such as artillery, and new weapons such as the early grenade and machine gun. The Civil War is often to referred as the first modern war in history as it included the most advanced technology and innovations of warfare available at the time. Some of the innovations and advances of the Civil War included mass production of war materiel, rifling of gun barrels and the use of the Mini? © ball, the advent of repeating firearms and metallic cartridges, ironclad warships, advances in medicine, communication , and transportation , and the gradual decline of tactics from previous centuries. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Civil War: One Of The Most Deadly Wars" essay for you Create order Some of the cannon used by union and confederate forces include the 12 pound Howitzer, the 10 pound Parrot rifle, and the 3 inch ordnance rifle.The civil war brought many advancements in gun technology, most notably the widespread use of rifled barrels. Popular rifles used in the civil war include the Springfield rifle, the Lorenz rifle, the Colt revolving rifle. Swords were still used widely in the civil war. Popular swords include the Model 1832 Foot Artillery Sword, Model 1832 Dragoon Saber, Model 1840 Light Artillery Saber, and the Model 1840 Army Non-commissioned Officers Sword. The Mini Ball was a type of bullet that was used throughout the Civil War. Designed to expand while traveling along the rifle barrel, it increased muzzle velocity as well as providing spin to the bullet, expanding its accuracy and range. This advance in weaponry, along with outdated military tactics devised in an era of older firearms, are often cited as a reason for the large numbers of casualties of the Civil War.Although they most often fought on foot particularly as the War progressed cavalry units typically looked for firearms that would be easy to reload from the back of a moving horse. Cavalry in both the Union and the Confederate Armies employed a variety of breech-loading, single-shot, rifle-barreled weapons known as carbines. The carbines, because their barrels were several inches shorter than the rifle-muskets the infantry carried, also had a shorter range. In addition, the cavalry weapons had a brutal recoil when fired, and despite their advantages in loading most still r equired the cavalry soldier to manipulate a tiny cap in order to fire. Confederate cavalry often brought sawed-off shotguns and cut-down hunting rifles from home. Others used the standard infantry rifle-muskets, though the longer barrels were awkward and muzzle-loading was difficult on horseback. In addition to the carbines, cavalrymen also frequently were issued percussion revolvers. These handguns used rotating cylinders, bored through with five or six chambers, to allow multiple shots without reloading. The soldier had to pour a powder charge into the chamber, ram a round or conical ball on top, seal the front of the cylinder with grease to prevent one chamber from igniting the adjacent ones, and then place a cap on the rear of each chamber before the guns were ready to be fired. Once this time-consuming process was complete, the soldier could rely on five or six shots in succession. However, the sights on the handguns were crude; a soldier could not expect to hit any target much beyond 50 feet or less from horseback. One massive Confederate revolver, the LeMat, clustered nine pistol chambers around a central shotgun barrel. Smith Wesson perfected self-contained metallic cartridge revolvers in .22 and .32 caliber. Earlier cartridges had been made of stiff paper or animal skin wrapped around the charge, primer, and projectile of the gun. While more convenient to load and carry, these smaller guns lacked the power of their .36 and .44 caliber percussion competition. One French revolver, the Lefauchaux, used a small firing pin integral to the cartridge to ignite the charge. Federal forces used several thousand of the Lefauchaux revolvers, and Confederate Generals J.E.B. Stuart and Pierre Beauregard also carried this model.Most Civil War infantry men, both Federal and Confederate, carried .58 or .577 caliber rifle-muskets. The rifle-musket was first manufactured in the United States in 1855 and quickly replaced earlier smoothbore guns. The rifling spiral grooves etched inside the guns barrel greatly increased the accuracy of the weapons by spinning and stabilizing the bullet as it sped towards the target. A trained marksman could hit targets as far as 800 yards away, and even an average shot could expect to strike the mark at 250 yards. Smoothbore muskets, some of which were still used during the Civil War, were generally unreliable at any range more than 75 yards.These rifle-muskets were chiefly percussion weapons; pulling the trigger of a rifle-musket caused the weapons hammer to strike a small metal cap. A charge of fulminate of mercury inside the cap would explode to ignite the gunpowder charge in the barrel. The force of the gunpowder explosion drove the bullet, either a round ball or minie ball, down the barrel. The metal cap was tiny, about the size of a pencil-eraser, and had to be set into place by hand each time the musket was fired. Soldiers had to follow nine careful steps to load and fire a single bullet from a muzzle-loading gun, and five to fire a breech-loading weapon. Rifle-muskets weighed between six and ten pounds and many were designed to fit a bayonet on the end o f the barrel.Civil War soldiers were known to make jury-rigged explosives using assortments of fuses and gunpowder, but the conflict also saw advances in the design and manufacture of hand grenades. The most popular model was the Union-issued Ketchum grenade, a projectile explosive that was thrown like a dart. The grenades came in one-, three- and five-pound models equipped with stabilizer fins and a nose-mounted plunger. Upon impact, the plunger would detonate a percussion cap and ignite a deadly supply of gunpowder. While a novel idea, the explosives didnt always work as intended. In fact, when they were bombarded with Ketchum grenades during an 1863 siege at Port Hudson, Louisiana, Confederate soldiers reportedly used blankets to catch the explosives before throwing them back at their hapless attackers.Rocket launchers might seem like a 20th-century phenomenon, but they made a few appearances on Civil War battlefields. Confederate forces reportedly experimented with Congreve rockets, a British-designed explosive that had previously seen action in the War of 1812. These weapons resembled large bottle rockets and were so inaccurate that they never saw widespread use.Meanwhile, Union forces employed the Hale patent rocket launcher, a metal tube that fired seven- and 10-inch-long spin stabilized rockets up to 2,000 yards. While a vast improvement on the Congreve, these projectiles were still quite unwieldy, and were only generally used by the U.S. Navy. Colt revolvers and Springfield muskets were the Civil Wars most popular firearms, but the era also gave rise to some of the earliest machine guns. Of these, perhaps none is more infamous than the Gatling gun, a six-barreled piece that was capable of firing up to 350 rounds a minute. The U.S. government never ordered the Gatling in bulk, but Union General Benjamin Butler privately purchased several of the intimidating weapons in 1863 and later used them during the Petersburg Campaign.Other rapid-fire guns included the Williams gun a Confederate breechloader first unveiled at the Battle of Seven Pines in 1862 and the Billinghurst-Requa battery gun, which consisted of 25 rifle barrels arranged side by side. Viewed as too inefficient and unwieldy for infantry combat, these weapons were generally used for guarding bridges and other strategic locations.Mines or torpedoes as they were then known were largely a Confederate weapon. Originally developed by General Gabriel J. Rains, these antipersonnel explosives were typically iron containers rigged with gunpowder, a fuse and a brass detonation cap. Rains first used the subterranean booby traps in 1862 during the Peninsula Campaign, and later buried thousands more around Richmond and in various parts of the Deep South. In fact, some of these still-active landmines were only recovered in Alabama as recently as the 1960s.While they proved an intimidating method of psychological warfare, landmines were often viewed as an unethical form of combat. Union General George B. McClellan denounced them as barbarous and Confederate General James Longstreet briefly banned their use. Perhaps their most vociferous critic was Union General William T. Sherman, who lost several troops to underground landmines during his famous March to the Sea. Decrying the use of mines as not warfare, but murder Sherman reportedly forced his Confederate prisoners to march at the head of his column so that they might trigger any hidden land torpedoes.Along with landmines, the Civil War was also a major testing ground for underwater mines. Both sides mined harbors and rivers with torpedoes, but the Confederacy enjoyed greater success. Starting in 1862 with the sinking of the ironclad Cairo, Confederate torpedoes destroyed dozens of Union ships and damaged several others. Union torpedoes, meanwhile, only sank six Confederate Navy vessels.The rebels owed their skill at underwater warfare in part to Matthew Fontaine Maury, an oceanographer who first demonstrated the use of mines in 1861. Maurys infernal machines made the James River virtually impassable, and mines later terrorized the Union Navy during battles at Mobile Bay and Charleston Harbor. The Confederacy also succeeded in using submarines to turn mines into offensive weapons. In 1864 the H.L. Hunley destroyed the Union sloop-of-war Housatonic after ramming it with a pole-mounted torpedo, becoming the first combat submarine to successfully sink an enemy ship.During an 1863 operation to retake Charleston Harbor, General Quincy Adams Gillmore laid siege to the Confederate stronghold at Fort Wagner. Gillmores Union guns bombarded the fort day and night with the help of a strange invention: the calcium light. Better known as limelights these chemical lamps used superheated balls of lime, or calcium oxide, to create an incandescent glow. The lights had been used in lighthouses and theaters since the 1830s, but Gillmores engineers were the first to adapt them for combat. By shining calcium lights on Fort Wagner, Union forces were able to illuminate their artillery target while simultaneously blinding Confederate gunners and riflemen.Also called Drummond lights these calcium floodlights were later used as searchlights to spot Confederate warships and blockade run ners. In early 1865, a Union light even helped detect a Confederate ironclad fleet as it tried to move along the James River under cover of darkness. A Southern officer later noted that a planned sneak attack was made impossible in part because of the Unions powerful calcium light.Because they allowed generals to get an aerial view of the battlefield, Civil War balloons were primarily used in a reconnaissance capacity. The Union even had an official Balloon Corps headed by Chief Aeronaut Thaddeus Lowe. Under his direction, balloons were launched for scouting purposes at several famous engagements, including the First Battle of Bull Run and the Battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. In a balloon tethered to the ground with a telegraph line, Lowe was able to give real-time updates on troop movements, and once even directed Union artillery fire from the sky. The Confederacy also tried their hand at military ballooning, although with considerably less success. The South lacked the resources to make good balloons, and their one operational airship reportedly made from a colorful patchwork of silk was captured after the tugboat carrying it ran aground on the James River.The Civil War produced a number of experimental cannons, machine guns and rifles, but perhaps none was more unusual than the Winans steam gun. Built by Ohio inventors William Joslin and Charles Dickinson, this massive automatic weapon sat on an armored train carriage and used steam to fire projectiles supposedly at a rate of 200 a minute. The civil war was one of the most deadly wars in american history and to this day the amount of american lives lost out numbers that of any other war .

Marketing Strategy For The Marketing Mix - 1908 Words

Marketing strategy for period 11 Name Institution Course Date Table of contents Company overview †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 Identification of goals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Implication of the marketing mix elements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...7 Financial projections†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 Executive summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Company Overview Allstar Brands medicine group is an organization that has recorded leading sales in over the counter medicine, with its products a recording a good prevalence in the current market. Allstar Brands is a renowned leader in the industry of Pharmaceutics and is aimed at bringing multi-symptom medicines to the customers with an exceptional touch of†¦show more content†¦Allstar Brands Medicine Company is a company that does not only work towards maintaining high profits but also ensuring that customers experience the highest levels of satisfaction. Based on the above company profile, the customers stick glued to the company’s products due to various reasons. The first reason is that the customers enjoy a superb level of satisfaction with the organization. The organization provides a suitable environment from where the customers obtain the best of services. The workers of Allstar Brands Company are not only well educated but also well trained in their pharmaceutical profess ion. The employees have ways to treat their clients ensuring that they end up coming back to the same place. As identified above, Allstar Brands pharmaceuticals regularly keep their goals in check to ensure that they meet the current market needs. The flexibility of the goals ensures that the workers are kept informed about the current market needs and that they work towards achieving them. Customer satisfaction in Allstar Brands Company does not arise from the services the customers obtain from the workers but also the services consumers obtain from the products. Allright and Allround product brands from the organization are made in such a way that they meet the exact needs of the customer. Based on consumer response and turnout, the customers enjoy a good deal of benefit from the Allstar Brands Company products (George, 2011). The second reason

The Roman Colosseum Free Essays

The Roman Colosseum was built around 70 AD and was opened around 80 AD. The Roman Colosseum is an amphitheatre in the center of rome. It was a gift to the people of roman. We will write a custom essay sample on The Roman Colosseum or any similar topic only for you Order Now The colosseum was used as many things such as gladiator battles, execution, drama, animal hunts, mock sea battles. The colosseum is 157 feet tall and covers 6 acres of ground. The Colosseum was also thought to of been designed by many different people, not just one. The Colosseum can hold up to 50,000 people and has 80 or more entrances. The games and even festivals could last up to 100 days at the Colosseum. The Romans would sometimes flood the Colosseum and have miniature naval battles. In the first games held at the Colosseum somewhere around 9,000 wild animals were slaughtered. People think that through all the games held at the Colosseum somewhere around one million animals have been killed and 500,000 people have been killed also. The Colosseum is the most famous tourist attraction site in all of Rome and it gets millions of views every year. In animal games, some animals were wiped out entirely from the face of the earth. One of the animals was the North African Elephant it was also a war animal. The Hippopotamus is not even found in the Nile river anymore because of this. The Hypogeum was the area beneath the Colosseum and it had to levels to it. There were over 32 different animal cages and 80 vertical shafts leading straight to the Colosseum floor. Gladiators were usually slaves but not always, somewhere ex-soldiers trying to show off their ability of fighting. The fighting didn’t always go to the death. There were referees that would stop the fighting after someone was seriously injured. Sometimes they both got to leave the arena if the enthused the crowd. Gladiator battles were originally funeral services. Gladiators didn’t just fight anyone, it was kind of like MMA fighting were the have weight groups, gladiators had classes based off of record, skill, and experience. Some gladiators were women. They fought in the Colosseum same as men did. Although their participation in the gladiator games might have ended somewhere around 200 A.D. In the Colosseum the also did dramas and plays. They did comedy plays and tragedy plays. One actor could play many different characters because they wore mask and would go behind a background and change their mask into a different character. The mask would have different expression on them so the audience knew what how the character was feeling. At first all actors were males and when playing a womens part, they just dressed up like a girl and used a high pitched voice. Their costumes were very dramatic and oversized so they could be seen in the back of the theater. In the theater they also had animal and gladiator battles. They even had animal on animal fights. In one animal on animal fight an elephant picked up a spear with his trunk and stabbed a rhino’s eyes out. One man one time beat 20 different animals in a single battle, they were all lions and bears and leopards. How to cite The Roman Colosseum, Papers

Effective Ethics and Ethical Behavior free essay sample

Effective ethics and ethical behavior Memorandum and Report Carol Harris TO: Rebecca M. Melton, ABC Toy Co. CEO FROM: Carol Harris, Elementary Division Manager, ABC Toy Co. DATE: 6/5/11 SUBJECT: Product quality issue and a report on ethical decision making. This memo addresses a product quality issue with a whistle included in our toy collection. I have included a report on the importance of ethical decision making and strategies the ABC Toy Co. could adopt to ensure that all members of ABC Toy Company make ethical decisions. This morning I received a memo from the manager of quality assurance. During a routine test, the department discovered a problem with one of the toys included in the elementary toy collection. The collection is scheduled to be shipped to South America by the end of this week. The metal whistle, included in the toy collection, tested slightly above, the United States, legally acceptable limits, of lead in toys intended for children under the ages of seven. It will cost the company $100,000 to reproduce and repackage the toy collection. After reviewing the data, I’ve included the following information for consideration in rectifying the current problem. And I’ve included a personal recommendation for resolution. First of all, we could choose to cancel the shipment. The advantage of this is option is that it lets others know that we are socially responsible. And, the company would be following U. S. law. The disadvantage is that profits will be eliminated, clients will be out product and we will be out the initial cost to produce and package and the product. We will also be out the additional costs to discard the unsafe product. The second option could be to reproduce and repackage the product. The advantage of this choice is that the product will meet U. S. legal standards and arrive to the consumer on time. The disadvantage is that it will cost the company $100,000 on top of the original cost to produce and package the toy collection. And third, we could eliminate the whistle from the toy collection altogether. The advantage of this option is that the collection will arrive on time; there will be no extra reproduction and repackaging charges. It will be safe to use. We will maintain the integrity of the product and the company’s image. And, we will be adhering to the law. The disadvantage, if we eliminate the toy whistles from the collection we will need to lower the cost of the collection which equates to less profit for the shareholders. My recommendation is to eliminate the whistle from the collection. By eliminating the whistle from the collection we are providing a legal, safe product to the consumer. The product will arrive on time. We will be showing social responsibility having made an ethical decision (Miller,B. 2003-2011). This will also help build trust with our clients and the consumer, which leads to better business in the long term. My recommendation will have the least negative impact on the company. The product will be shipped. It will arrive on time. We will offer a discounted price to the consumer to make up for the loss of the whistle. We will build customer confidence by having made an ethical decision. And, client relations by keeping with our commitment to provide a quality product that is on schedule. Social responsibility has played a big part in the decision making process. Making an ethical choice means taking into consideration all of people who will be affected by the final decision. The first option will let the stakeholders down. No product for the consumer, and more cost to the company. The second option will cost the company an additional $100,000. Plus, the shipment cannot be guaranteed to arrive on time. The last option, delivers the product on time, less the whistle, and follows legal guidelines for a safer product. The consumer gets the product; the shareholders get their profit, and the stakeholders are being respected. The above considerations address the financial, legal, and ethical aspects of our decision. These considerations will have a positive effect on customer relations because it shows our commitment to our client and the customer. Becker, P. A 2008) As a producer of consumer products that are geared towards children it is our responsibility to provide a safe product. When we make decisions about product safety there should be an ethical protocol in place with broad and easy to follow guidelines. The following report discusses two strategies the company could adopt to ensure that all members of ABC Toy Company make ethical decisions; the benefits of adopting a code of ethics, an analysis of another company’s code of ethics and components of those ethics that would be important to include or to incorporate into our own. Our first strategy will be in recognizing our responsibility to the consumer. Our main consumers are children. Product safety is paramount. Recognizing that our social responsibility is to provide a product free of health and safety risks is absolute (Miller,B. 2003-2011). Our second strategy, our focus should be on creating a code of conduct. A code of conduct encompasses the company’s commitment to its stakeholders. In our case, the consumer, the client, and the shareholders are our stakeholders (Becker,P. A 2008). Using strategies to assess criteria that all members of ABC Toy Co. can use to affirm each person’s responsibility to make ethical decisions is a step towards better business. Established strategies are a step in the right direction towards creating ethical decision making at all levels. They will help establish criteria for ethical behavior. ABC Toy Company would benefit from a code of ethics. By using the aforementioned strategies and criteria we could cr eate our own code of ethics. A few of the benefits a code of ethics supply are: *A code of ethics gives employees guidance for solving ethical dilemmas. A code of ethics would encourage communication between employees about ethics. *A code of ethics could be used to debate or argue your cause. *A code of ethics would spell out our obligation to the public. *A code of ethics would provide a reference point. The following analysis explores the National Association of Social Worker’s (NASW) code of ethics for examples that may be used in creating our own code of ethics. NASW’s code of ethics serves six purposes: (NASW, 2008), 1. Identifies the values of social work’s mission. 2. It condenses broad ethical principles-to establish ethical standards specific to social work practice. 3. Is geared to help identify important considerations when conflict or ethical questions arise. 4. Provides standards that can be used to hold social workers accountable. 5. It familiarizes new practitioners to social works mission, values, and ethical standards. 6. It clearly characterizes standards the social work profession can use to assess ethical conduct issues. The NASW has formal procedures to settle ethic complaints, members are required to follow the code and all it entails. NASW code of ethics purpose is to fulfill its obligation, to articulate its mission on behalf of clients, NASW clients encompass the underserved populations from individuals to communities and all groups in between. They strive to enhance the well being of all people but focus on empowering those living in poverty and those who are oppressed and vulnerable (NASW, 2008). Considering the six purposes of NASW’s code of ethics the following uses key components to establish our own reasoning. For example, ABC Toy Companies purpose behind a code of ethics, 1. Identify core values on which ABC Toy Co. s founded. 2. Summarizes broad principles that reflect the ethics, values, and standards ABC Toy Co. put in products, and in client and customer relationships. 3. The code helps all members to identify conflict or ethical uncertainties when they arise. 4. The code provides standards of product quality. 5. The code familiarizes all new members to ABC Toy Co. mission, values, principles a nd standards. Establishing a code of ethics helps business by showing our stakeholders our commitment to excellence. Good business means a larger market share. And what’s good for business is good for ABC Toy Co. References Assembly, N. D. (1996). Code of Ethics. Retrieved 6/ 10, 2011, from Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers: http://www. socialworkers. org/pubs/code/code/asp Becker, P. A. (Vol. 1 No. 1 2008 ). The Ethical Challenges for Enterprise and Risks to Consumers of Large Market Share Through Low-Cost Suppier Strategy. Journal of International Business , 107-111. Miller, B. (2003-2011). What is the Importance of Business Ethics. Retrieved 6/ 7, 2011, from Wisegeek. com: http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-the-importance-of-business-ethics. htm

Who Is To Blame For The Deaths Of Romeo And Juliet Essay Example For Students

Who Is To Blame For The Deaths Of Romeo And Juliet Essay The Dramatic Importance of Act 3 scenes 1 and 5 Plus an analysis on the how the themes of violence, passion, love and death play a part in these scenes. Rome and Juliet is undoubtedly one of the most powerful and widely known love stories ever written. But why is the tragedy of two star-crossed lovers so famous and memorable when it only covers four days in the lives of these two households? In this play Shakespeare uses the audiences expectations and undercuts them at almost every point. Shakespeare also explores a wide variety of themes in this tragedy. These themes of violence, passion, love and death are easy for anyone of any generation to relate to and that is why over four hundred years later this tale of woe is still remembered and cherished by millions. We will write a custom essay on Who Is To Blame For The Deaths Of Romeo And Juliet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Initially Romeo and Juliet begins as the traditional age-old tale of boy meets girl and young love flourishes. But there is always something ominous lurking in the backround. Their names are constant reminders of an ancient grudge and both worry about the future- Romeo worries about the significance of a dream he had in which he predicts that some consequence will begin on the night of Capulets old accustomed feast, the dark imagery used here reminds the audience of the melancholic ending. However, for a time love manages to prevail and the audience is content to see that with Friar Lawrences help, Romeo and Juliet begin to conquer the ancient grudge that stands between the two households. But in the first scene of the third act the situation takes a turn for the worse. The murders of Mercutio and Tybalt changes the fate of the lovers and makes their lives much harder. Though the Friar helps and advises the couple even after Romeos sentence of banishment is given, Act 3 Scene 5 adds yet another obstacle to their troubled marriage. In this scene Juliet hears how her father has abandoned his original plans with Paris about their arranged marriage and decides that Juliet is to be married in two days rather than the two years they previously agreed on. Once again the Friar hatches a plan to help Juliet and her Romeo but a tragic sequence of errors means that the end of the play leaves Paris and the star-crossed lovers entombed together. Finally the two foes see sense and p ut an end to the ancient grudge and leave behind their legacy of violence and death-but both pay a high cost! In this great tragedy the audience can see how the seemingly contradicting themes of death, passion, love and violence are in fact extremely similar as is the effect, which they have on human souls. These themes are covered in both scenes. In Act 3, Scene 1 physical violence is very central, however love is also shown. In Act 3, Scene 5 all of the themes are shown, this time in the claustrophobic family situation that the Capulets find themselves in. Shakespeares play is beautifully constructed and it is easy for the audience to realise that these two scenes are the major turning points of the play; love, passion, death and violence fuel the changes these scenes bring. Both are pivotal moments of the great love story and, after these scenes, the sorrowful fate of the lovers becomes clear. The audience understands why the lovers will have a reason to take their life. Act 3, Scene 1 opens with the friendly banter between Benvolio and Mercutio. Mercutio is very quick witted and mocks Benvolio for his readiness to quarrel. He compares Benvolio to a man who will quarrel with a man that hath a hair more or a hair less in his beard than he. These comic remarks are returned by Benvolio when her says that if he were as apt to quarrel as Mercutio any man should buy the fee-simple of his life for an hour and a quarter. This comment is almost a prophecy of later events when the saucy Tybalt kills Mercutio. Upon the Capulets fateful entrance Benvoilo is nervous. However Mercutio seems indifferent towards them. Tybalt tries to be polite asking for a word with them, however Mercutio twists his words and undermines his power, Mercutio tries to quarrel but when Romeo enters, Tybalt turns his attention to him. At this point Mercutios demeanour changes and he seems protective of Romeo. Romeo doesnt reciprocate Tybalts threats and instead tries to calm the situation. The passionate and violent Mercutio and Tybalt both despise Romeos passivity and curse him for his vile submission. Both Mercutio and Tybalt are proud and this leads to violence when they feel insulted or undermined as neither can suppress their anger. As the pair becomes more enraged at Romeos appeasement they become more eager to fight and it is clear to the audience that this scene will end in tragedy, as the fiery men are too volatile and violent. Romeo will not be drawn when Tybalt repeatedly threatens him. His love for Juliet controls his aggression and he understands that any action against Tybalt would have awful effects on their relationship. But when Mercutio is sped Romeos love for him forces him to lose all respective lenity. Romeos passion makes him irrational and short-tempered and fuels his violent tendencies. In grief for Mercutio, Romeo curses himself acting effeminate and leaving his reputation stained. Romeo thinks that the only way to resolve the situation is with death of Tybalt and despite Benvolios reminders of the Princes death sentence for anyone that disturbs the peace, Romeo goes forth to do so. In this the audience see how Mercutio, Tybalt and Romeo have become tragic victims of their own passion. Mercutio hates submission; his pride, passion and love force him to act violently. Tybalt believes in honour and hates peace because he hates all Monatgues as they threaten his family. Tybalt channels this passion through violence, this characteristic makes both his and Mercutios tragic demise predictable. Romeo is also a passionate character. So far in the play we have only see how he can love passionately but in Act 3, Scene 1 we can see how death of a loved one can encourage him to hate with a passion. After the death of Mercutio Romeo acts very differently, he is no longer calm and passive and is instead furious and assertive. Romeo and Juliet is principally a love story and up until this pivotal moment we have only seen Romeo as the caring lover. This scene begins just after Friar Lawrence has married the lovers, when Romeo enters, his head is full of thoughts of love and the sweet Juliet but as the scene progresses it becomes harder for Romeo to remain calm. It is clear to the audience that Mercutio and Romeo loved each other dearly and this love forces Romeo to renounce his appeasement and seek revenge. This action is taken because, though Romeo cherishes Juliet and her love, his loyalty to his beloved friend Mercutio drives him to honour his friends memory. .u8db7ed023b66b3941f99a24935995b25 , .u8db7ed023b66b3941f99a24935995b25 .postImageUrl , .u8db7ed023b66b3941f99a24935995b25 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8db7ed023b66b3941f99a24935995b25 , .u8db7ed023b66b3941f99a24935995b25:hover , .u8db7ed023b66b3941f99a24935995b25:visited , .u8db7ed023b66b3941f99a24935995b25:active { border:0!important; } .u8db7ed023b66b3941f99a24935995b25 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8db7ed023b66b3941f99a24935995b25 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8db7ed023b66b3941f99a24935995b25:active , .u8db7ed023b66b3941f99a24935995b25:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8db7ed023b66b3941f99a24935995b25 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8db7ed023b66b3941f99a24935995b25 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8db7ed023b66b3941f99a24935995b25 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8db7ed023b66b3941f99a24935995b25 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8db7ed023b66b3941f99a24935995b25:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8db7ed023b66b3941f99a24935995b25 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8db7ed023b66b3941f99a24935995b25 .u8db7ed023b66b3941f99a24935995b25-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8db7ed023b66b3941f99a24935995b25:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Evolution of Drama and Theatre EssayAt first the theme of death seems obvious as both Mercutio and Tybalt die. However when the scene is analysed it becomes clear that other deaths will arise from what happens in this scene. Romeos actions leave him banished; this hinders his marriage and makes the tragic finale likely. Mercutios dying words are graphic, he says that the households have made worms meat of him this indicates his untimely death and that when he is buried in the ground his body shall become food for the worms in the earth around him. Mercutio blames Romeo for his mortal hurt and dies with the words A plague on both your houses. This curse acts as a prediction as we see both the Capulets and Montagues losing their joys. During this scene, imagery of death is used very effectively. For example, when Romeo and Tybalt meet again, Romeo says away to heaven. This shows that Romeos intention is to kill Tybalt. Tybalt answers, saying that didst consort him here, shalt with him hence. This proves Tybalts confidence, as he seems assured that Romeo will be joining Mercutio. Once Tybalt has been slain Benvolio acts quickly; he remembers the Princes threat of death to anyone, who disturbs the peace, Benvolio insists that Romeo be gone. This scene sees three men lead to their death by passion. When Mercutio realises the seriousness of his wound he blames Romeo for intervening, Romeo is then consumed by guilt and blames Juliets beauty for making him effeminate. This type of behaviour is typical of that of men living in a patriarchal society such as Verona at the time the play is set. In this kind of environment men are pressured to be violent and have a passion for what they think of as honour, and hatred, if these qualities were not shown they were considered less of a man. In Romeo and Juliet it is clear how a patriarchal society moulds its citizens. Tybalt and Mercutio have been raised ready to fight anyone who challenges them and each know nothing else. They mock Benvolio and Romeo for not being as inclined to brawl when in fact the serenity they show could be seen as a virtue. The play is set in the Verona during the 13th century. At this time, men had to be strong, rational, powerful and proud. During this scene Romeo feels ashamed to have let his feelings of love overpower these expectations of basic masculinity. Upon this change of heart Romeo acts more like a proper man and kills Tybalt, however this changes his fate and destroys his chance to have a successful marriage with his love Juliet. In Act 3, Scene 5 again the audience sees the themes of passion, love, violence and death reflected. This scene allows the audience sees how a family already faced with death and violence behave and the tensions that arise from tragedy. This scene brings with it another unwelcome development: this is the news that Juliet is to be married to Paris at St Peters church in just two days. This acts as another turning point and is the final obstacle for the troubled lovers and triggers a series of errors that leads to the deaths of Paris, Romeo and of course Juliet. In this scene, Shakespeare makes a political statement about his own Elizabethan culture and how arranged marriages such as this lead to trouble and in extreme cases even death. The scene opens with the lovers parting after consummating their marriage. The mood is sombre, Romeo must leave for Mantua immediately or stay and be put to death. However Juliet is desperate for her Romeo to stay and tries to persuade him that it is night and the nightingale is singing rather than the lark and that the light is not daylight but some meteor that the sun exhaled. Initially Romeo disregards her words but soon she has some impact and he says let me be put to death, I am content. This comment seems to scare Juliet and she realises that Romeo must leave, she says that it was the lark that sang straining harsh discords and unpleasing sharps, this musical imagery is similar to that used by Mercutio in Act3, Scene1. Once again the lovers must part with sweet sorrow as in Act 2. There is no doubt Romeo and Juliet see their short relationship as true love rather than simply a violent delight and both hope that their marriage will last. However the audience knows that ironically, while Juliet was consummating her marriage to Romeo, her father was organising her second match to Paris. The audience is waiting with baited breath to see the news being broken to Juliet and are nervous of its outcome. When Lady Capulet enters to see a saddened Juliet she assumes she is mourning Tybalts death, who was much loved and appreciated in the Capulet household. But Juliet is crying for her husband Romeo who has just left her. The un-maternal Lady Capulet does not know how to comfort her daughter, so instead she pressures her with threats, saying, some grief shows much of love, but much of grief shows still some want of wit. This line shows how little she knows about her daughter Juliet and her love, for Juliet has lost both her cousin and her husband in less than a day and she is not meant to weep! When Lady Capulet breaks the news of the marriage to Paris, she is shocked to see Juliet being rebellious and assertive and when Capulet enters she does nothing to help or support her daughter. Capulet enters speaking poetically, referring to death as a sunset and mourning as a sea. This reminds the audience of his behaviour in Act 1, when he likens Juliet to a fruit saying she may be ripe to be a bride. However when he hears how Juliet will none he becomes angry and describes Juliet as a curse. In this scene each Capulet shows no parental love to Juliet, Lady Capulet does nothing to help her daughter and Capulet threatens to denounce Juliet and leave her to hang, beg, starve, die in the streets. Neither parent attempts to listen or understand Juliet and only when they exit does Juliet finally get advice and care from her maternal nurse. Much of the violence in this scene is unspoken, as each character has to deal with inner conflict. The nurse must decide how to help Juliet, Lady Capulet must chose between her husband or daughter and Juliet has to decide whether to re-marry and show honour to her family or remain faithful to Romeo and honour their marriage. Capulet voices his feelings of anger and is violent; he quickly becomes enraged and attacks Juliet with vicious, spiteful words. The audience sees how Capulet is the typical tyrannical patriarch, who is hard to predict as he has erratic mood swings. This scene shows how the fiery, short-tempered Capulet is the ideal man in a patriarchal society. Capulet has great power over the women in his life and the characteristics he shows have given him supreme confidence and have probably helped him achieve his high status in Veronas society. .u04d06778e9940b8184700d6f24cf5492 , .u04d06778e9940b8184700d6f24cf5492 .postImageUrl , .u04d06778e9940b8184700d6f24cf5492 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u04d06778e9940b8184700d6f24cf5492 , .u04d06778e9940b8184700d6f24cf5492:hover , .u04d06778e9940b8184700d6f24cf5492:visited , .u04d06778e9940b8184700d6f24cf5492:active { border:0!important; } .u04d06778e9940b8184700d6f24cf5492 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u04d06778e9940b8184700d6f24cf5492 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u04d06778e9940b8184700d6f24cf5492:active , .u04d06778e9940b8184700d6f24cf5492:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u04d06778e9940b8184700d6f24cf5492 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u04d06778e9940b8184700d6f24cf5492 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u04d06778e9940b8184700d6f24cf5492 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u04d06778e9940b8184700d6f24cf5492 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u04d06778e9940b8184700d6f24cf5492:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u04d06778e9940b8184700d6f24cf5492 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u04d06778e9940b8184700d6f24cf5492 .u04d06778e9940b8184700d6f24cf5492-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u04d06778e9940b8184700d6f24cf5492:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo And Juliet Tragic Hero EssayCapulet is a passionate man; he uses dramatic language to convey his thoughts, such as describing Juliet as wretched puling fool. Capulet speaks of disowning his joy so intensely that it is as if he will hate the hopeful lady of his earth with a passion if she dares to disobey him. This hatred is in complete contrast to the powerful love of Romeo and Juliet. The lovers have been so consumed with romance and passion that they have defied an ancient grudge to meet in secret and in this scene their actions of passion are even more ironic as they have just committed one of the most passionate acts the consummation of their marriage. Though this scene opens with the idea of love, dark imagery and talk of death is seen throughout it. The first mention of death is Romeo saying Let me be tane, let me be put to death, this line reminds the lovers of their situation and seems to worry Juliet. When Romeo goeth down the ladder Juliet says then window, let light in, and life out. This could refer to her love for Romeo as she sees him as her whole life, or it could show how death will come after this day. Juliet wonders whether they will meet again and has a premonition that she can see Romeo As one dead in the bottom of a tomb. Romeo tries to comfort his wife, saying that she has nothing to worry about as their paleness is simply because dry sorrow drinks their blood. To the pair of star-crossed lovers this is just a vague vision but to the audience it is an accurate prophecy of the tragic outcome of the love story. When Lady Capulet enters, the dark imagery of death continues as she talks of Tybalts death and the revenge she plans for Romeo, the murderer. Lady Capulet says wilt thou wash him from his grave when she sees Juliet weeping and later I would the fool married to her grave, because Juliet doesnt want to marry Paris. This language is both dark and ironic as Juliet is in effect married to her grave, as her marriage with Romeo leads her to her untimely death. When Lady Capulet explains her revenge for Tybalts murder she says shall give him such an unaccustomed dram that he shall soon keep Tybalt company this is very ironic as later in the play Romeo kills himself with a dram of poison. Capulet doesnt use dark imagery, nor does he make predictions. He does however show indifference towards Juliet telling her that she could die in the streets he would never acknowledge her or even care. However, in Act 4, Scene 5, when Juliet will not wake, Capulet wails and feels tongue-tied. This is an example not only of how much he really loves his daughter but also his temperamental personality. This also shows how he uses his power over Juliet to scare her into remaining obedient. This pivotal scene ends with Juliet feeling disheartened and anxious. She seeks advice from her nurse who tells her to marry Paris and be happy in this second match, upon hearing this, Juliet is further saddened and decides to see the Friar to know his remedy, if this fails she will have power to die. This is a very dark image to leave the audience with and suddenly it is clear how near to death the lovers are. If Romeo is seen in Verona he will be put to death and in Mantua he is a risk of being poisoned by the vengeful Capulets. Juliet is determined not to follow her nurses advice to at Saint Peters Church happily make a joyful bride to Paris and is resigned to killing herself if no resolution can be found. At this point in the play becomes obvious that the prologue was correct and the lovers will take their life and the audience is left to await to impending death. Act 3, is the most important act of this fantastic tragedy. It is literally, the central scene and sees the love story change dramatically. The actions of Act 3, Scene 1 are the first turning point of the play. From here on violence, passion and love push the lovers to their premature and devastating death and here is where we see those themes grow in importance. Scene 1 makes Romeos death likely as the group of competitive, hot headed men proved a fatal combination. All were trying to show power and masculinity in this scene and all key characters become worms meat by the end. In Scene 5 Juliets promise to die rather than marry the lovely Paris made her fate inescapable. In this masterpiece, Shakespeare makes several social observations. He shows how arranged marriages that were common in Elizabethan England are dangerous and often disastrous. Although Shakespeare opted for a more romantic, Italian setting, it is clear that he made little effort to recreate the Italian customs of the thirteenth century. For example the prologue refers to star-crossed lovers this means that their horoscopes do not match up. This comment is typical of the superstitions of Elizabethan times with its values of spirituality, life and love. Within the play, some comments mock Italian customs, for example in Act 2, Scene 4 Mercutio mocks Tybalts passado and punto reverso- these are traditional Italian fencing moves that were respected rather than mocked by Italians of the time. I think that the idea of a distant country being much more exotic and romantic than England would appeal to Shakespeares audience who were unable to travel and went to the theatre to see life from o ther perspectives as well as be entertained. There is no doubt in my mind that Romeo and Juliet is a powerful and beautiful piece of literature. It is about love but also the complexities of life and shows how anyone, not matter how wholesome they seem can be flawed by emotion, especially that of violence, passion, love and death. This tragedy is truly timeless and will hold a place in millions of peoples souls, not because it is a romantic, sweet story of love but because it is a realistic depiction of life and human nature. Who is to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet Essay Example For Students Who is to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet? Essay Romeo and Juliet are described as two star-crossed lovers who take their lives. They both came from feuding families, which held an ancient grudge against each other. It is a tragedy that Romeo and Juliet end up killing themselves because it was the people around them, mainly their families who were feuding and arguing. This meant that the two lovers had to take such great risks to be together, because they refused to stop seeing each other. Eventually they took their lives, which seemed almost inevitable because of from the pressures put on them by the people around. To Shakespeares audience destiny and fate were both accepted concepts; unlike today, when most people prefer to look for someone to blame, instead of believing that their fate is inevitable. We dont like to think that we are not in control of our own lives. In this play it is difficult to get away from fate. In what the characters do and in what they say. From the very beginning Romeo and Juliet are described as having death marked love which suggests the play is going to have a theme of fate. We will write a custom essay on Who is to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Fate can be seen in the play as operating on many occasions e.g. how Romeo and Juliet happen to make eye contact and meet each other in a room full of people. Is it fate, or is it a strange coincidence that Lord Capulet should send out invitations to his banquet using an illiterate messenger? Romeo and Benvolio happen to be walking in the same place as the messenger when he asks Romeo to read the list of guests. I pray sir can you read? If this event hadnt have happened, Benvolio would not have persuaded Romeo to go to the banquet because they wouldnt have known about it. Romeo himself feels that he is being controlled by fate. Before he goes to the banquet he speaks of his sense of foreboding about that evening events, Act 1 scene 4, some consequence hanging in the stars and by some vile forfeit of untimely death. Romeo believes that the events of that night will lead to him paying some kind of debt with his life. Destiny appears again when Juliet says She imagines Romeo dead in a tomb, act three scene five. I dreamt my lady came and found me dead Is this destiny trying to warn Romeo of the inevitable? Romeo has had a dream, he was found dead by Juliet and she brought him back to life with a kiss. At that moment Balthasar arrives with the news of Juliets death. Balthasar also feels fate is at work when he states he will not give in to the stars, that he believes have determined Juliets death. I defy you, stars, act five scene one. Romeo again talks of the stars and of shaking off the burden imposed by fate. Friar Lawrence tells Juliet that there is a greater power, meaning destiny, that cant be controlled. It seems as though the characters just say what they want, and say what they feel. This could be controlled by fate though; Romeo and Juliets deaths are preordained and there is nothing they can do about it. Now, and then destiny shows its self when the characters talk of their foreboding about the future. For them destiny isnt exactly accepted but they know that there is little point in fighting it, as it is such a powerful force. Perhaps fate could be to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet, not because it is something that has pre-destined their deaths, but because they simply believe that it could. If they had not believed that the stars controlled their fate, perhaps they would have tried to change their futures for the better. They wouldnt have had to die. Fate isnt the only thing to blame, for the tragedy. People also could be blamed. We know that the main reason for the tragedy was the fact that Romeo and Juliet just couldnt be together. It was impossible for them to have any kind of relationship because their familys had absolutely forbidden anything like it. They had such great love for each other that they thought it was worth going against what their parents wanted. It is such a tragedy that because of their parents feud they had to die. Even though neither of them fought with the other families anyway. After all it was an ancient grudge so maybe their parents didnt even have anything to do with the original quarrel. There are individual people who could be to blame, but over all everything comes from the original argument. .u1983d5f857ca584bb5b8b2d83083bf13 , .u1983d5f857ca584bb5b8b2d83083bf13 .postImageUrl , .u1983d5f857ca584bb5b8b2d83083bf13 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1983d5f857ca584bb5b8b2d83083bf13 , .u1983d5f857ca584bb5b8b2d83083bf13:hover , .u1983d5f857ca584bb5b8b2d83083bf13:visited , .u1983d5f857ca584bb5b8b2d83083bf13:active { border:0!important; } .u1983d5f857ca584bb5b8b2d83083bf13 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1983d5f857ca584bb5b8b2d83083bf13 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1983d5f857ca584bb5b8b2d83083bf13:active , .u1983d5f857ca584bb5b8b2d83083bf13:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1983d5f857ca584bb5b8b2d83083bf13 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1983d5f857ca584bb5b8b2d83083bf13 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1983d5f857ca584bb5b8b2d83083bf13 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1983d5f857ca584bb5b8b2d83083bf13 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1983d5f857ca584bb5b8b2d83083bf13:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1983d5f857ca584bb5b8b2d83083bf13 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1983d5f857ca584bb5b8b2d83083bf13 .u1983d5f857ca584bb5b8b2d83083bf13-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1983d5f857ca584bb5b8b2d83083bf13:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Compare and Contrast To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell and Sonnet 116 by William Shakespeare EssayRomeo and Juliet only acted the way that they did because of the impossible situation that was imposed on them by their quarrelling families. Even the prince could be blamed because he wasnt strong enough when he warned the two households about fighting. He told them that if there was any more fighting on the streets, Your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace,but he is really giving them a second chance.. If he had been harder with them, they wouldnt have fought again. Tybalt wouldnt have fought with Mercutio and Romeo would never have killed Tybalt, so he wouldnt have been banished. Friar Lawrence is a character who has contributed a lot to the tragedy. Although he wasnt someone who was quarrelling and arguing, he still knew the dangers that Romeo and Juliet faced. He should have dissuaded them from marrying and deterred them from having a relationship. However, he encouraged them, Ill your assistant be; For this alliance may. Turn your households rancour to pure love. He means well but the tragedy could have been avoided if he had not meddled and made such complicated plans for them. If he felt he had to help them he should have made sure that his complicated plans were properly carried out. In fact, his carelessness cost the lives of Romeo and Juliet in the end, as he should have made sure Romeo knew that Juliet wasnt dead but had just taken a potion. Juliets nurse could be compared to Friar Lawrence. She is a character who is not directly involved in the conflict between the two households, but she also knew the risks involved in the relationship. The nurse facilitates the story, she gives people messages, informs them about what is generally happening. Juliet is very close to her Nurse because she had been like a surrogate mother to her. The Nurse contributes to the tragedy because she encourages Romeo and Juliets relationship. Even though she knew how costly it could be. Unfortunately because she deeply cares for Juliet, it means her judgment is distorted, meaning she does things she shouldnt do. She warns Romeo not to use Juliet if you should deal double with her, truly it were and ill thing and very weak dealing. She also helps to organise their marriage and relays messages between them. The nurse isnt always encouraging them though. In act three scene five, the Nurse advises Juliet to forget about Romeo and marry Paris. This may seem like the correct thing for the nurse to say, but this eventually leads to Juliet taking the potion, because she feels betrayed by her nurse and has no one else to turn to other than the Friar. Her words at this point show how desperate she is: Ill to the Friar to know his remedy. If all else fail, myself have power to die. The people who are most to blame are probably the heads of the two conflicting families. Lord Capulet is a short-tempered man, who changes his mind often. He first thinks Juliet is too young to marry Paris. Later on in the play he is happy for them to be married as soon as possible. He brings the date of the marriage forward; we later see that this was disastrous as it meant Juliet had to go to extremes to avoid this. Perhaps if he had listened to Juliet more, the tragedy could have been prevented. He showed rage towards Juliet when she refused to marry. He disowns her Ill never acknowledge thee. If anyone could have ended the quarrel between the two households, it could have been lord Capulet. Lady Capulet doesnt have a big role in the play, but she is unsympathetic and comes across as vindictive when she demands that Tybalt killer should be executed. She doesnt seem to have a very close relationship with Juliet. If her mother hadnt dismissed Juliet when she asked for help, maybe she could have persuaded lord Capulet to cancel the wedding. However, she hasnt got Juliets best interests in mind. I would the fool were married to her grave. Shakespeare uses dramatic irony here. Tybalt is aggressive and starts fights easily. He comes across as being very protective of Juliet, as he is her cousin. At the banquet, he is ready to start a fight with Romeo, but is persuaded against it by lord Capulet who tells him he shall be endured. .u4cef1201af4b61049a398ef25857ed3a , .u4cef1201af4b61049a398ef25857ed3a .postImageUrl , .u4cef1201af4b61049a398ef25857ed3a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4cef1201af4b61049a398ef25857ed3a , .u4cef1201af4b61049a398ef25857ed3a:hover , .u4cef1201af4b61049a398ef25857ed3a:visited , .u4cef1201af4b61049a398ef25857ed3a:active { border:0!important; } .u4cef1201af4b61049a398ef25857ed3a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4cef1201af4b61049a398ef25857ed3a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4cef1201af4b61049a398ef25857ed3a:active , .u4cef1201af4b61049a398ef25857ed3a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4cef1201af4b61049a398ef25857ed3a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4cef1201af4b61049a398ef25857ed3a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4cef1201af4b61049a398ef25857ed3a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4cef1201af4b61049a398ef25857ed3a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4cef1201af4b61049a398ef25857ed3a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4cef1201af4b61049a398ef25857ed3a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4cef1201af4b61049a398ef25857ed3a .u4cef1201af4b61049a398ef25857ed3a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4cef1201af4b61049a398ef25857ed3a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Response: Evaluation of the explorative strategies and the drama EssayLater on in the play in act 3 scene 1, Tybalt again looks for a fight with Romeo. He insults him in an attempt to provoke him into fighting Boy, this shall not excuse the injuries Tybalt should not have fought, because he knew that the two families had been warned against street fighting. He knew the consequences of starting a brawl in the street. However, he selfishly challenges Romeo, even though he says he doesnt want to fight. Tybalt kills Mercutio and Romeo ends up killing Tybalt, so Tybalt also has some share of the blame because he contributes to the impossible situation that Romeo and Juliet find themselves in. Mercutio isnt a Montague but he is a friend of Romeo. Romeo describes him as a gentlemen who loves to hear himself talk. Mercutio is very important in the play because he is the one who persuades Romeo to go to the Capulets party nay gentle Romeo we must have you dance. Romeo didnt want to go but Mercutio didnt listen and just teased him. Mercutio should have been more responsible for his actions. He taunts Tybalt into fighting with him. Good king of cats Romeo feels honour -bound to fight when Mercutio is fatally stabbed. Mercutios death is a tragedy in its self, but it also sets off a chain of events that lead to the final tragedy. Romeo is angry with Tybalt for killing Mercutio, so he kills him Romeo gets banished so it is no longer possible for him to see Juliet. Lord and Lady Montague both hold some of the blame. They are not as obsessed with the feud, but they still promote it. Lord and lady Montague are much more caring for Romeo than the Capulets with their family. Romeo is another character who ignored all the risks posed by his love for Juliet. He was older than Juliet and should have been more responsible for what they did. He often blames fate for the consequences of his own actions O I am fortunes fool However, he does refuse to fight with Tybalt. This might be because secretly he is related to him through his marriage to Juliet. Unfortunately, Romeo ends up killing Tybalt. This is the biggest mistake that he could have made, because not only did it result in his banishment but it also ruined any possible reconciliation between the two households. Juliet doesnt blame fate for everything, but she is quite irresponsible. She makes last minute decisions i.e. when she asks Romeo to marry her. If thy bent of love be honourable, Thy purpose marriage, send me word tomorrow Romeo has friends to advise him, Juliet doesnt. She makes most of her decisions by herself. Juliet is so much in love with Romeo that she will take great risks, to live an unstained wife to my sweet love she will do anything without fear of doubt, O bid me leapfrom off the battlements hide me with a dead man in his shroud so in this frame of mind when she finds Romeo has killed himself, she is prepared to take her own life. O happy dagger, this is thy sheath The intensity of their love for each other could also be counted as being to blame for the tragedy of their deaths, as neither could consider life without the other. There isnt one single person or factor to blame for the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. Everyone has in someway contributed as I have shown. Unless you believe in fate. In which case everything I have written about could have been controlled and preordained and the fearful passage of their death marked love as the prologue says was inevitable. The main factor to blame was the feud between the Montages and Capulets because all the actions of the individuals were driven by the feud. If the two families had got on well together, there would have been no need for Romeo and Juliet to resort to subterfuge and they would have been able to marry with their parents approval. There is a clue to this in that, lord Capulet says of Romeo Verona brags of him to be a virtuous and well-governed youth At the end of the play, Capulet and Montague both acknowledge that it is their enmity to blame.

The Death Of Dreams English Literature Essay Essays

The Death Of Dreams English Literature Essay Essays The Death Of Dreams English Literature Essay Essay The Death Of Dreams English Literature Essay Essay his every moves show the desire to go the certain figure. So this playing makes him so unnatural and unreal. When Nick met Gatsby at the first clip, this clumsiness showed. Sometime before he introduced himself I d acquire a strong feeling that he was picking his words with attention ( 40 ) And when Gatsby confess his yesteryear to Nick which was perfectly non-sense, his words are unnatural. Nick says he looked at me sideways-and I knew why Jordan Baker had believed he was lying. He hurried the stage educated at Oxford or swallowed it, or chocked on it, as though it had bothered him before. And with this uncertainty, his whole statement fell to pieces, and I wondered if there was nt something sinister about him after all. ( 42 ) The confession was all prevarication, and Gatsby was non good at lying which makes Nick to detect at the early topographic point. After Nick know the truth that Jay Gatsby was invented by James Gats. So if was James Gats, at least true relationship with Nick was possible and they will portion personal connexion. However, as it was Jay Gatsby which was merely semblance of James Gats, the true relationship was neer built. Furthermore, non merely the relationship with other character but besides the relationship with his true and merely love, Daisy was built on the sham. Though Gatsby attempts to convert others that everything he does is for Daisy and he is ever willing to give himself for her. However, this loving relationship is besides built on his bogus belief. He convinced himself that he love Daisy, but what he truly love is non Daisy, merely an semblance of Daisy. So, the true trust and love could nt do between him and her. 4. Social Background 4.1 America in 1920s 4.1.1 Blooming of philistinism. Horton says that the driving force of America to develop modern civilisation is Idealism and Materialism. Harmonizing to the former ( Turner ) , the greatest individual factor in finding the character of American life has been the democratising consequence of a continually spread outing frontier. The chance of chance for all caused the United States to drive due west, and this enlargement brought the innovator into contact with a crude environment which, while promoting individuality, at the same clip had a grading consequence which tended to wipe out differentiation of birth, societal position and instruction. ( Horton A ; Edward 3 ) Turner argue that in The significance of the Frontier in American history , Frontier of America get and individuality, optimism and idealism in the manner of developing west. In this sense, philistinism was non used in negative signifier in the first topographic point. This was of course followed by infinite opportunity in the land of chance. The one great motive to develop West was made from the belief that as they work, they will acquire. This is the basic thought of philistinism in the first topographic point. However, as clip changed, philistinism became in corrupted manner that merely prosecute affluent life. In the 1920s in the America, which is the chief background of The great Gatsby was the extremum of this philistinism. All significance of the American dream turns into useless and people in this period merely desire to derive more and more wealth. Arthur Mazener describes this period like this. The mid-twentiess were a cockamamie, happy age when everyone was busy get drunk in speakeasies or out of silver-lasks at Yale-Princeton game in the Bowl, or dancing to the pretentiously bad Jazz of Paul Whiteman and George Olson, though no one of any intelligence in the period itself took this facet of its life earnestly ( Mizner 5 ) This cockamamie life of royal household appears in the great Gatsby, particularly when Nick describes about epicurean parties that Gatsby clasp. Not merely the royal people, people in the in-between category of the West besides has this philistinism in their head though they are difficult to accomplish their dream in world. But attempt to copy upper category behaviour is shown by Mrs. Myrtle. A desire of Myrtle to go one like upper category can be shown in the manner she display her flat. The flat was on the top floor-a little dining room, a little sleeping room, and a bath. The life room was crowded to the doors with a set of tape-stried furniture wholly excessively big for it, so that to travel approximately was to stumble continuously over scene of ladies singing in the gardens of Versailles. ( 25 ) Mrs. Myrtle is a adult female who has an matter with Tom Buchanan who is hubby of Daisy. Mrs. Myrtle is from low category whose hubby runs little auto fix store. However, she has great aspiration to travel upper category someday. And this dream makes her to copy upper category where Tom lives, though her circumstance is non a ppropriate to hers. She wants to go hostess like Daisy, and throw party in really little flat. Though there s non adequate topographic points, she keep purchasing excessively big furniture for her flat. Furthermore, when she has party, she invites so many people that there s no topographic point to even stand in her topographic point. These acts show the desire of Mrs. Myrtle to go upper category. 4.1.2 Corruptness of American dream Over the centuries, many immigrants from Europe escaped their state for free and happy lives. They ran from their place from political and the spiritual favoritism which does non the job in the new world-America. They could be whoever they wanted to be in the new universe. In the land of the chance, they can re-start their life. As they work, as they get. This makes the basic thought of American Dream in the first topographic point. The American Dream is a national truth of the United States, which can continue societal mobility by single. In the other words, they can derive affluent and comfy life through difficult working. In the definition of the American Dream by James Truslow Adams in 1931, life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with chance for each harmonizing to ability or accomplishment . However, this American dream acquiring changed after America got through World War 1 and 2. Young American merrily get involved in war under the great mean that as the new experience and romantic chance to demo his encourage. However, world was different. As they gone through the barbarian and barbarous war, they come back to their state depressed with sorrow. Those who went through dejecting war started to bask their life with excessive ingestion. At that clip, economic system was roar, and American does nt necessitate to worry about pecuniary job. They get whatever they want. This lead to people stuck into convenience and felicity to philistinism. They enjoyed the life that stuff can give. The Great Gatsby shows this corrupted philistinism which can be shown in every category of society. Lower category yearns to hold wealth, yet those who already have wealth and position are unhappy and dissatisfied with their lives. In the novel, the elitist group displays features of being bored and unmotivated merely like a dead organic structure. The first scene that Nick went into the Tom s house shows the deficiency of energy in upper category. The merely wholly stationary object in the room was an tremendous sofa on which two immature adult female were buoyed up as though upon an anchored balloon. They were both white and their frocks were rending and fliting as if they had merely been blown back in after a short flight around the house. ( 10 ) Daisy and Miss Backer were in the white frock and were motionless. No energy is found in them. Daisy easy acquire bored and seek to happen new thing which lead Tom and Nick go to New York sometimes, but ever they failed to happen exciti ng experience and verve. However, compare to this upper category people, Mrs. Myrtle described as the adult female with verve. Gatsby devoted his life into belonging to the sole group, but he approved that his life was unhappy by killing himself. So, though upper category has everything they want, they neer get happy but acquire bored with morally corrupted atmosphere. Willy besides lived in the period when the significance of American dream changed as A limitless desire of material wealth . He adds more value on that which is the popularity. For him, American dream besides means being a celebrated figure in the society. This is non the profound job that should be defined as corrupted dream. However the chief ground that his dream defined as corrupted American dream is that the ground of accomplishing his dream is driven non from his inner head but from others. He merely wants to demo off his popularity and wealth to others and acquire satisfaction by comparing them to himself. Furthermore, He justifies what he does to accomplish his end. He neglects his life of boy, how they think and which life they want to populate were non the affair for Loman. He destroys the religion for his married woman by holding matter with secretary. All the immoral things he made were justified by his strong belief of dream. 4.2 Hierarchy in society- Invisible wall to travel upper category American ever represented as the universe of freedom, the society with tremendous chance. However this is non ever true when you look deep inside it. The great Gatsby and decease of a salesman shows the bound of traveling upper category, there s unseeable war that makes people to travel upper degree. Willy spends his life clip to acquire affluent and popular. Traveling upper degree was his life-longed dream. The tragic terminal comes from the fact that he was merely a common adult male. Harmonizing to Joseph Odd Hruth, the tragic destiny of Willy was made by the society. Willy Loman is the victim of an unfair competitory society. He was foremost corrupted by the false ideals and so exploited by those more pitiless than he. Society made him what he was and in a better society his destiny would hold been better ( Joseph 328 ) This is the mistake of Willy small, and the existent ground why he failed can be blamed that of the society. System of society is non appropriate for Willy to accomplish his dream. There s a certain restriction for him to travel upper, and this makes Willy s life wretchedness. Miller argues that tragic affair occurs, because of that fact that Willy was merely a common adult male. I believe that the common adult male is as disposed topic for calamity in its highest sense as male monarchs were. On the face of it this ought to be obvious in the visible radiation of modern psychopathology, which bases its analysis upon authoritative preparation, such as the Oedipus and Orestes composites, for cases, which were enacted by royal Begins but which apply to everyone in similar emotional state of affairs. ( Miller 1 ) Miller thinks the factor that makes him the tragic hero is societal background of him which makes difficult to common adult male to mount the ladder. In the Death of a salesman, Willy do anything to go successful salesman. He become immoral as he become more like a successful salesman in his filed. He starts to hold inappropriate relationship with secretary. Social success leads him to moral corruptness. However, though he devoted his life into mounting societal ladder to travel upper degree, he failed. There s unseeable war above his manner in this societal ladder. This defeat makes him so depressed that he had no pick but putting to death himself. The Great Gatsby shows the unseeable wall to travel upper category in society by demoing Mrs. Myrtle life and that of Gatsby. Gatsby and Mrs. Myrtle has in common that they both from working category but hankering to belong upper category. And they besides found some to take them to upper universe, for Gatsby that cat is Wolfsheim who made him rich. Mrs. Myrtle besides found Tom who can assist her to travel upper category, nevertheless, she failed to accomplish that end. The attempt of lower category to travel upper but punished by society is clearly shown in the life of Mrs. Myrtle. She lives in vale of ashes where represent of poorness. She was besides secret lover of Tom. This lady attempts to utilize Tom to do her belong to his societal statue. Though she now lives with hubby who does nt hold any power or energy in himself, she possesses verve. Unfortunately for her, she chooses Tom, who treats her as a mere object of his desire. Tom was attracted by her in physical manner and love ca nt be shown between them. There s all about desire, desire of Myrtle to travel upper category by Tom s wealth and desire of Tom to hold her organic structure. As Myrtle want better life and attempts to acquire wealth, she eventually die of the auto accident which Daisy was thrusts. In this scene, a clear deduction can be found. Daisy who represents the lady in the upper category prevents Myrtle to acquire into her category. So Myrtle s verve and energy ca nt be used to acquire into upper category. This defeat of dream is shown in the description of Myrtle s decease organic structure. The oral cavity was broad unfastened and ripped a small at the corners, as though she had chocked a small in giving up the enormous verve, she had stored so long ( 108 ) Though individual in the low category slightly achieve his dream, there s still strong restriction that he can be entirely become the portion of upper category. This is shown by Gatsby s instance. He achieves wealth by himself and now he can afford to hold the most epicurean party in the town. However, he ca nt affect in royal category. Peoples who invited into his party ever look down on him and has suspicious of his wealth. Even before Gatsby turns out to make illegal concern to gain money, Tom and other invitees of Gatsby s party ever susurrations about his wealth and background. Furthermore, the topographic point where Gatsby live and apparels he wears shows the clumsiness to go the elect category. He wears excessively dressy suits and colourful apparels which Tom normally makes merriment of. Ann though Gatsby ain tonss of old-timer books which were perfectly existent one, these are clean and orderly like no 1 of all time touched before. This shows that though he imitates behaviours of category he want to belong, he got leery of his individuality. Finally, every his secret is revealed, people around him apart, and even the love of his life ran off from him. Daisy who represents of his desire to travel upper category ran off to her universe, and Gatsby lost everything including her and his dream. So last thing he made was merely decease. 5. Why American dream failed? Death of a salesman and The Great Gatsby shows the corruptness of American dream in early 20th by demoing two ordinary men- Jay Gatsby and Willy Loman. Both are victims of society which has unseeable but clear wall to forbid them to accomplish their dream. Though first thing to fault their failure of accomplishing dream goes to the corrupted society, characters themselves besides have job. Gatsby and Willy misunderstood significance of American dream. Gatsby says all his attempts are made to hold his loving lady Daisy, which turns out the faith belief of him. He merely wants to warrant all the immoral behaviours he made to acquire rich by concealing romantic narrative. He even deceives himself that Daisy is the lone one intent which lead him to hold false belief that Daisy besides waited for him to salvage her from Tom s universe. This is perfectly non true, and after recognizing this belief was false, Gatsby has no longer ground to populate. Willy besides has incorrect thought of American dream, for him American dream is all about acquiring rich and popular. This mistake makes his life wretchedness. He ca nt acquire satisfaction from his ordinary life and happen felicity from his household. Family was mere object to fulfill his dream for Willy. And this thought finally made all the struggles between him and his boies, and eventually leads him to kill himself. As lone thing he has was this false belief, he tries to convert himself that though he is non profitable, he is still popular among other. However, this belief turns out non true at the terminal of the scene that there s no 1 came to his funeral. So, to reply the inquiry I made in the first portion of this study, Why these work forces failed to accomplish their American dream , two facets need to be considered. Their failure was consequence of corrupted society which neer allows them to accomplish their dream and distorted thought of American dream of these work forces. Work cited A. Primary Beginnings F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby, Charles Scribner s Sons, April 10 1925. Print Arthur Miller, Death of a salesman, Morosco Theatre New York City, 10 February 1949 B. Secondary Beginnings Moon Sun-Jung. Death of a Salesman and Modern Tragedy: Revisited ( 2005 ) . Surveies on English Language A ; Literature, P5 Rod W. Horton and Herbert N. Edwards ( 1967 ) , Backgrounds of American Literary Thought, P3 Arthue Mizner, Introduction in F. Scott Fitzerald: A aggregation of Critical Essay, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1963, P5 Joseph Wood Krutch, The American Drama Since World War 2, New York: George Braziller, 1978, P 328 Arthur Miller, Tragedy and the common adult male, New York Times, 1949 Fen 27, Chapter 2 P1

Public Key Infrastructure Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Current situation and problem/opportunity statement JWD currently has a fully functioning web site as well as a corporations intranet; the organization uses the website to provide information about the company. And the intranet is basically used for providing human resource information to the employees such as let know the employees about the hours where they have to put their efforts on various projects and also let know the employee about their benefits and other assets and also allowing them to change certain informations about them at times. The other major advantages of the intranet for the employees is that they can access the online directory related to the company and its clients, the intranet also provides the employees with the benefit of using the web based e-mail system where they can read and compose mails from their ID that is given to them from the company. The firm also uses an enterprise-wide project management system where the firm can track the progress in the projects and other reports and processes that is going on in the organization. The major focus of the enterprise-wide project management system is that it can focus on the status of deliverables and other meetings scopes, time and cost goals. The opportunity that the company has about including a new section on the companys intranet is that of sharing the consultants project management information and knowledge across the organization. The main point about the JWD consultancy is that it recruits only professional and experienced consultants that have wide knowledge and an area of expertise in the field of consultancy and gives them freedom to work on projects that they feel feasible according to the corporations requirements, and which they think might fit in the structure of the organization. However even the most experienced and the most talented professionals is seeking for advice in the company on how to work effectively and efficiently as the business is growing exponentially and the projects are becoming more and more complex. Critical assumptions and constraints The intranet site that is proposed should be a valuable asset to the company as the company had invested a huge amount and resources in the project. For the success of the project many factors plays a major role such as the consultants and the clients should actively support the project to give a threshold and a sense of satisfaction to the company as it is very important for the company to keep their morale up. The intranet site must have the capability of generating back the amount that was invested in the project by reducing the internal costs of various other processes that were going on in the organization before the introduction of the project of intranet site, and also to provide new business opportunities to the company. The main part that is to be played in the success and the initiation of the intranet site project should be that of the project manager who should make sure that all the processes related to the project is successfully implemented and is of worth. Secondly there should be an active participation in the project by expertise from various sections of the company as well as from the clients organization. The new system should be capable of running on the existing softwares and hardwares of the company so that no extra cost of implementing new hardware and software should be faced by the company. One more thing that the software should be capable of is that the software should be very handy to use i.e. there should be no complexity in operating the software by the client and other user form the public so that no extra cost should be faced by the company in providing the training and knowledge about the software. But the main thing is that the software should be secured enough so that no unauthenticated user can access the data that is not meant for him. Analysis of options and recommendations There are three options before the company to address the opportunity The first option before the company is to do nothing i.e. any need for any new software or service solution as the business is doing well, new service can only make the job more complicated for the company. The second option before the company is to buy new specialized software rather than building one and to make a little development about the software to increase and to maintain its capability in the company. The third option before the company was to design and develop new intranet capabilities in the company itself using mostly the resources that they already had with them like the existing hardwares and softwares and the human resource that they have in the organization. Based on the discussion that was done with the stakeholders the ultimate conclusion that JWD arrived to is to use the third option. 6. Preliminary project requirement The major features and services that the intranet site promises to provide are: The intranet site will give user an access to several project management templates and tools. I.e. the user must be able to use the templates and tools and also get have access to the instructions of how to use these templates and tools along with the examples to use these templates and tools on real time projects and services. One more feature that is included is that the user will be able to submit new templates and tools that can prove to be beneficial for the company and also reflects the users ability. The submission of templates and tools are subjected to be first edited and screened from the project management office. The user will have an access to related project management articles that will help them in working on their own project. The clients and consultants will feel as there is an information overload when they will research on the project management information. This results in the wasting of precious time that they should be spending with their clients. The new intranet facility will include an access to all the project management articles that will prove to be very important in the project management, the articles will be made available to be searched by the topic name, this will save the precious time of the user and hence results in high productivity. The user can also send a command to the project management office requesting them to find additional articles that will meet their needs. The intranet site will also have links to other main web-sites that will help the users in gaining important knowledge about the subjects. The site will also have a brief description about the external web-sites. The site will have a very important feature named ask the experts that will help in building relationship with the current and the future clients, this feature will also help in sharing knowledge with the internal consultants. The intranet will have appropriate security measures so that only authenticated persons can get the informations and no person can get that information that is not meant for him, only the internal consultants and the authenticated persons can have access to the required information. The site must have a feature to charge for the premium services to the internal members and the internal consultants. The site must also have a feature to charge the external users for some features. The payment option should have a credit card option along with other payment options. The user should be able to download the required information and data only after the verification of the payment. The other features that should be included in the site should be suggested by the users. 7. Budget estimates and financial analysis The JWD consultancy estimated the cost for the entire project to be $1, 40,000. The estimate that the consultancy arrived at is based on the factors that the project manager has to work for 20 hours per week in a total for about 6 months, and the other internal staff that is estimated to be working for 60 hours per week for a total duration of 6 months. The customer representatives were not considered to be paid under the project, the staff project managers pay will be $50 per hour, the pay of other members of the project management staff was considered to be $70 per hour, some initial cost were also estimated to be $10,000 for purchasing softwares and services from suppliers. After the completion of the project JWD estimated that the cost for the management and the maintenance of the software thereafter is estimated to be $40,000 per year by the company, this cost that was estimated were primarily to update the ask the expert feature and the online articles. The projected benefits were based on the reduction of hours that the consultants will spend on doing the research on the project management information, tools and templates and other related features. The projected benefits that the consultancy estimated were of the profit and new services that the project will develop for the country and hence will count in the companys revenue. The company estimated that if 400 consultants will save 40 hours per year and if they could bill that time span to other projects that have generated a profit of $10 per hour, then it is estimated by the company that they could earn a profit of $1, 60,000 per annum, and if the intranet produces new business by 1% then it is estimated that the profit generated by the new project would be at least $ 40,000 per annum. Therefore the total profit that the company estimated would be around $ 2, 00,000 per annum. 8. Schedule estimate The sponsors of the company were hoping to see the project completed within six months, but there were flexibility in the schedule. The estimated life cycle of the product was assumed to be around 3 years by the company, and the product is considered to be very useful in its lifetime. 9. Potential risks Several risks were involved with this project. The first and the foremost risk that was assumed by the company was that of the internal consultants and the external clients, as they dont have any idea about the interest of the clients and the internal consultants in the new system i.e. the clients and the internal consultants were not satisfied that if the project will be proved to be fruitful and will be profitable for the organization. User input also has a great significance and is very crucial for the system to be successful as the users are the ones that populate the data into the system, and the users were the ones that could tell the efficiency of the system and also realize the potential benefits of using the system. The technical risks that were involved in the system were the searching method that was used to search the data on the intranet, and the security risks that were involved in the system like that of hacking into the system and the failure of the payment system. But the system were using only that technologies that are technically proven by the experts therefore, there is a very little chance that the system will fail because of the technical failure. The major business risks that were included in the system are the risk of the investment of money and time along with the investment of human resource. One more major business risk associated with the system is that of the projected benefits of the system i.e. not realizing the projected benefits of the system would be a great business risk for the organization as the organization would suffer a huge loss if they couldnt identify the potential of the software. 10. Exhibits (Budgeting) Exhibit A: financial analysis for the project management intranet site Table : financial exhibit Project charter Project title The title of the project was project management intranet site project Project start date The project was scheduled to be started on May, 2, 2008 Project finish date The project was scheduled to be ended on November, 4, 2008 Budget information The budget that the firm allocated for the project management intranet site was $ 1, 40,000. The initial estimate that the project manager estimated was a total of 80 hours per week work and that work was estimated to be done by internal labors majorly. Project manager Erica bell was appointed as the project manager for the whole project. Project objectives The objective before the firm was to develop a new capability that is accessible on JWD consulting intranet site, the main task of the site will be to help internal and external customers in managing new projects effectively and conveniently. The main features of the site is that the site will contain several tools and techniques that can be downloaded by the authenticated users and the outside users after paying some amount, the site will also contain examples of completed projects and templates that will be based on real time projects and that can be used by the internal consultants and clients for detailed understanding and completion of their projects effectively, the site will also contain important articles based on project management topics and that can also be used for gaining knowledge and understanding about the project management related topics, the site will also have an article retrieval service that will allow the user to send their query for the related article to the project management section and the project management section will made available those articles to the user. The intranet site will also have links to various other useful sites with a brief overview of the contents and the usefulness of the site, this feature will help the user in getting all the information about any related topic that they are unable to find on the companys intranet site. The intranet site will also have an ask the expert feature on the site that will help the users to post questions and queries that they have about any project, after asking the advice from the experts about a related project the user will get an expert advice on how to tackle that problem and the related strategies about that project. Some sections of the intranet site will be made available to the user so that they can access for free of cost, the other features of the site will be paid for the external users. But most of the section of the intranet site will be accessible to current customers and the internal consultants of the company, but there could be some features for which the internal consultants and the clients would have to pay, that features would be the value added or the add-on features of the site. Approach The approach applied by the firm on the project is: The first thing that the project management team does is that they conducted a survey among the consultants and the customers to determine the critical features of the new intranet site. The second approach that the project management team applied is to review the external and internal templates and to review the project management documents thoroughly. The third approach by the project management team is concerned with the security and the accessibility features of the intranet site i.e. the project management team researched on the softwares that will provide the security features, manage user inputs in a corrected and well accessible mode, facilitate the articles, and to use and to implement the ask the experts feature. The fourth approach that had being taken by the project management team is to use the iterative approach to develop the intranet site i.e. to continuously feed suggestions from descent users and to make the changes accordingly if applicable anywhere in the site like that related to the security features, and the applications. The fifth approach that the project management team has taken is related to the financial aspects of the project intranet site i.e. the team is developing approach to determine the ways to measure the value of the intranet site in terms of reduced costs and in terms of finding ways to generate new revenues, both of these strategies is being monitor during the project and for one year period after the completion of the project. Roles and responsibilities Table : role and responsibilities of the team Comments: I will support this project as time allows, but I believe my client project take priority. I will have one of my assistants support the project as needed-Michael Chen We need to be extremely careful testing this new system, especially the security in giving access to parts of the intranet site to the public and clients.-Kevin Dodge and Cindy Dawson Project management planning Planning phase in the project management process is considered to be the most difficult phase as it consists of various processes and often is an unappreciated process. As planning is not always facilitated therefore many peoples assume that project planning is a vein process and view it in negativity. The main purpose of the project planning is to guide the project in executing successfully. And to successfully execute the project it is necessary that the planning for the project execution should be realistic and useful i.e. it should be feasible, therefore a fair amount of time and process is required for the project planning process. In the project planning process peoples who is knowledgeable with the project planning phase should work on the project planning process. The planning and processes table explains all the areas of project management planning like knowledge area of the project, planning process of the project, and the outputs that the team was getting after executing each and every task. In view of the fact that the project management intranet site project was relatively small therefore, the project manager Erica believes that the most important planning documents that the team should consider should be the: A team contract that will bound the team to their responsibilities. A project scope statement that will clarify the scope and other aspects of the project A work breakdown structure i.e. WBS should also be included. The team will also need to formulate a Gantt chart analysis that will cover all the dependencies and the resources that is entered. All the documents that were discussed and other information that is related to the project will be available to all the team members so, that the team members would have a detailed understanding of all the processes that is going on and will have a chance to make suggestions wherever applicable. JWD consulting had already used project websites for quite a few years and had been very successful in facilitating communications and document related informations. JWD consulting had also created project organization charts, along with a formal communications management plans, quality management plan, a detailed cost estimate plan, procurement plans, and other planning documents that is really helpful for the company in formulating strategies and other plans. As soon as the project team had signed the charter, the project manager Erica organized a team-builder meeting related to the project management intranet site, the purpose of calling the meeting was that she wants each and every person of the group to get comfortable with each other i.e. she wanted that each person in the group should not be shy of any other person of the group and should feel comfortable with working with them, Erica herself had talked and met other members of the team personally and shared her professional experiences with them, this was the very first time that the whole project team is spending much time together. The team members consisted of Jessie faue who worked with Erica in the project management office, therefore they knew each other very well, but as Jessie was new to the company therefore she needed a team gathering to interact with others, Michael Chen was the senior consultant for the firm and had been involved in highest priority projects for the exte rnal clients, Michael attended the meeting with his assistant Jill Anderson who will support the project in the absence of micheal, michaels involvement in the project was a double benefit for the team as he is very straightforward in dealing clients and is very experienced in his field, Michaels assistance would also be a great benefit for the team as Michael knew both of the client representatives from past projects. Kevin dodge was JWDs intranet guru who had a great insight of technical aspects and had a very good experience in this area. Cindy Dawson was also from the IT department of JWD and she also had a good experience in working as a business consultant and has remarkable negotiating skills. Kim Phuong and page miller was the two client representatives, and they were very excited about the project, but they were cagey of sharing sensitive information about their company with the team of JWD. Erica had used certain techniques to let the team members get to know each other, she asked everyone about their dream vacations and where they want to spend most of their time, this activity proved to be an ice-breaker activity for the team as everybody felt relaxed after sharing their thoughts with each other. After the session, Erica explained each and every aspect related to the project to the team and also explained the importance of the project and other major aspects, she also explained that the most important thing in working as a team is an effective teamwork therefore she then asked everyone to sign a contract that every person in the group felt comfortable in signing the project. Contract signing between the team members for all projects had always been the key strategy of JWD to help in promoting the team work and to clarify the communication between the team. Erica then explained the major aspects of the contract explaining all the details and aspects related to the contract, and then showed the team a sample template related to the contract. Erica then divided the project management team into a group of two, the first group is the group consisting of all the members from the consulting department and in the other group she departs all the members of the information technology department. This strategy of Erica helped the team as all the members are now related to a particular group where they expertise their field, now everyone can provide their ideas and contribute to the knowledge related to the project in their fields. Table : planning processes and output Scope statement Project name: project management intranet site project Date: may 18, 2008 Prepared by: Erica bell, project manager Project justification The CEO of JWD consulting, requested this project to support the company in meeting its strategic goals. The main features of the intranet site is that the site would increase transparency of the companys products and services to the current clients and to the potential clients, with the help of the intranet which would be available to the clients and potential clients. The intranet site will also help the company in reducing its internal costs and also help in streamlining the processes and operations that is going on in the company, the intranet site will also help the company to increase the companys profitability by providing new opportunities, standard tools, new techniques, templates for assistance in project development, and will also provide project informations and knowledge to internal clients. The budget passed for the project is $ 1, 40,000. An additional amount of $ 40,000 per year will also be required after the completion of the project for the maintenance of the site and to include new features in the site. The benefits that are estimated that the site would produce per year would be $200,000 per year by generating new businesses. It is very important to keep focused on the system paying for itself i.e. the amount that is invested in the development of the project, within one year of the completion of the project. Project management related deliverables Business case, charter, team contract, scope statement, WBS, schedule, cost baseline, status report, final project presentation, final project report, lessons-learned report, and other related documents are important for the management of this project. Project execution Executing any project involves taking necessary actions to ensure all the processes are executed and is complied in the project management plan. Project execution also includes the work that is required to include any new hardware or software or any new process to include into normal operations. Most of the products that the project had promised to deliver had been completed in the project execution phase and usually requires most of the resources to accomplish most of the processes. All the processes are like knowledge area, executing processes, and the output of the project execution phase is listed in the planning process and outcome table. The main focus of many customers and project sponsors is the outcome that is related to providing the products, services, or the particular result that is desired from that project. Besides the outputs that are listed below other outputs are equally important like change requests, corrective actions. As the project was relatively smaller project, therefore it was very much possible for Erica to work closely with other team members on the project to make sure that they all are working correctly and in the right direction. Erica had a very good networking with peoples across the world that can help her whenever there is any problem related to the project, through networking Erica can well take advantages of her networking skills by getting the work done through other peoples in the firm and external peoples without any additional cost. She assured everyone that whoever uses the intranet application will also understand that they were producing as part of the project and assured them that this project will surely help each and every one of them in the future. Erica knew that providing a strong leadership and using excellent communication skills will surely help in the project execution in a much better way. that the firm majorly uses to outsource the portions of the projects. Erica knew that Joe the CEO of the company and other project sponsors would like to see project reports and progress made in the project through milestone reports therefore Erica formed a milestone report based on that. Joe also wanted Erica to alert him to any potential issues and problems whichever arrived in the project, Erica used to meet all the project team members to talk on the issue quite frequently and also use to give Joe review about the ongoing in the project on a regular basis like once in a week or after completing a particular milestone. Instead of using the project management software, Erica used the word processing software to create milestone report because the project was a relatively low level project, and she can very well manipulate the report format easily in the word processing software. Table : milestone report as of June 17, 2008 Gantt chart Network Diagram Note: Path shown in red color is critical path. Many conflicts did arrive in several meetings like conflicts on human resource and other issues. Sometimes it often happened that Michael seemed a little bored and Erica did noticed that thing, Michael often left the room in the middle of the meetings to talk to other clients, seeing that Erica asked Michael about the situation and found that though Michael was supportive for the project but he told Erica that he can only spend a little time for the project. Erica saw that Michael was much more productive outside the meetings, therefore Erica thought that Michael should attend minimal time for team meetings and should concentrate on other issues like project development and related issues, Erica saw that Michael was contributing to the team by contributing to the team by providing the feedbacks and also through his leadership on the ask the expert feature for the intranet site. Therefore Erica adjusted his communication style and allowed Michael to manage the things as he would like to manage. Another major conflict arose when Cindy was contacting the potential suppliers for asking assistance on ask the exert feature and related user request features. Kevin wanted to develop and write all the software for the project itself but instead Cindy insisted on purchasing the softwares and thought it would produce more business sense to buy all the softwares from a reliable source. Cindy had to convince Kevin to buy the software requirements and that it would be more effective if we purchase the required softwares from reliable sources. Cindy discovered that their estimate of $ 10,000 to buy the software was only half of the amount that were needed for the project, she therefore discussed this problem with Erica explaining the need for custom development of the softwares no matter which supplier they choose for the project. Erica therefore agreed on to buy the softwares from some outside source, and therefore asked the suppliers to approve the additional funding that is required for the software. Joe did agree on to allocate additional amount but he still emphasized on the fact that the project should pay for itself within one year of completion of the project. Erica also had to ask Joe on the matter that the project team were receiving low responses from the user on the surveys and requests. Therefore Joe sent out an email to all the JWD consulting consultants and other employees requesting them to provi